SmalltalkAn object-oriented language and environment from Xerox PARC — pioneered GUIs and live programming. influenced Objective-CA language combining C with Smalltalk-style object messaging — used for macOS and iOS before Swift., JavaA portable language running on the JVM — dominant in enterprise servers, Android, and big data., RubyA dynamic language emphasizing developer happiness — Rails made it the default for web startups in the 2000s., and every IDEIntegrated development environment — an editor with debugging, build tools, and project management built in. with a REPLRead-eval-print loop — an interactive shell that runs code as you type it. or object browser. Goldberg famously showed Steve Jobs the Xerox GUIGraphical user interface — windows, icons, and pointers instead of typed commands. concepts that shaped the Macintosh.

SmalltalkAn object-oriented language and environment from Xerox PARC — pioneered GUIs and live programming.-80 defined modern OOPObject-oriented programming — organizing code around objects that combine data and behavior. and interactive development environments.

It proved objects and GUIGraphical user interface — windows, icons, and pointers instead of typed commands.s belonged together on personal computers.